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- A workshop brought to you by the UMC Library and SSS
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- When writing a paper, report or preparing a presentation, you are (often
times) expected to draw on the knowledge of others (or show evidence to
support your claims.) When you present your work, you must alert
your audience to the fact that some of the information you present was
not your original thought and/or to give credibility to your
findings. Further, you must let the audience know whose thought or
fact it was. This is accomplished by using citations throughout
your work and then a corresponding reference (with more detailed
information) at the end of the paper / presentation.
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- American Psychological Association (APA)
- Modern Language Association (MLA)
- Turabian
- Council of Biological Editors (CBE)
- Chicago
- Uniform System of Citation (law)
- Specific journal styles, e.g. Journal of Wildlife Management
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- Allows readers to cross-reference your sources easily
- Provides consistency in the format within a discipline
- Assures you won’t have incomplete citations
- Gives you credibility as a writer
- Keeps you honest (protects against plagiarism)
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- Cross-Referencing is of great value for the reader who wants to expand
their research
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- Makes it easier for the reader to translate the citation information
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- Offers a checklist of things that must be included to be a complete
citation
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- The writer can legitimize their work (providing evidence)
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- Citing properly will help you avoid using someone else's work improperly
- When in doubt - cite
- For more information on plagiarism - http://www.crk.umn.edu/library/links/plagiarism.htm
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- Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed.
2001.
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- When applying APA style to a paper or presentation, it is important to
remember that the intent of the Publication Manual is to assist the
editorial staff of APA journals in typesetting. If you are preparing a
paper for a class assignment rather than a journal, you are in a sense
publishing it yourself.
- Students should find out whether (or in what respects) the instructor's
requirements for student papers take precedence over those of the Publication
Manual.
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- Reference Page
- Parenthetical Citations
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- When quoting any words that are not your own – Quoting means to repeat a
source word for word
- When summarizing facts and ideas from a source – Summarize means
condense
- When paraphrasing a source – Paraphrase means re-word
- An exception is Common Knowledge
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- A list of every source that you make reference to in your manuscript.
- In the APA format, a reference list is different than a bibliography
- Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve
any sources cited in your manuscript.
- Each retrievable source cited in the manuscript must appear on the
reference page, and vice versa.
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- Only use the initial of the author’s first and second name
- Only use an “&” ampersand with multiple authors in the reference
section. If used as part of a sentence the word ‘and’ is used.
- Edition is abbreviated ed.
- Editor is abbreviated Ed.
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- Type the word References at the top of a new page, centered.
- All entries should be double-spaced separating the citations, unless
your instructor tells you otherwise.
- The reference list will have hanging indents, first line flush left,
following lines five spaces indent
- One space after punctuation
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- Alphabetical by last name
(letter by letter)
- Chronological within author
(earliest is first)
- No period after a URL
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- If same year, add = a,b,c to citation (see next slide)
- Anonymous only used if signed as such
- Electronic journal articles &
books require full citation plus the web address and other identifying
information (Received Statement)
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- Only the first letter of an article title is capitalized unless there is
a proper noun
- First letter of subtitle is capitalized
- Book & Journal titles are italicized
but the (3rd. ed.) is not.
- Journal names are followed with a comma, vol, nnn-nnn(page numbers).
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- Only use p. or pp. when a periodical does not have a volume number
- The words Volume and Number (or abbreviations of the words) are not used
in the citation
- If, and only if each issue of a journal begins on page 1, give the issue
number in parentheses immediately after the volume number
- Book titles and journal names are italicized
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- Personal communication constitutes letters, memos, telephone interviews,
and electronic forms of communication (chat rooms and email). Because these sources cannot be
cross-checked by outside readers, such sources are only listed in the
body of the paper, not on the reference page. The citation should include the
initials and last name of the sources, “personal communication,” and the
date of contact. This is
different than MLA.
- Source: email message from Johnny Vandermeer
- Citation: (J. Vandermeer, personal communication, June 16, 2002)
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- In the manuscript, the author’s last name and publication year are
required. Page number(s) are included if there is a direct quotation
- If the source has no known author, then use an abbreviated version of
the title: This should appear first alphabetically in the Reference
list.
- Full Title: “Minnesota Liquor Laws on Books”
- Citation: (“Minnesota,” 1999)
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- Women play an important role within the family both in production and
training of the children (Doby, 1947, p. 76).
- Oliva (1967) contends the global debt crisis is having a strong impact
on women and children in developing nations (p. 111).
- Prolonged cooling can reduce production of smog and the dispersal of
other poisons (Yount, 1982, para.
2).
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- For more complete information on how to format a manuscript
- Should be typed
- Double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5 X 11 inches). Do not justify
the right side of the paper.
- Margins of 1 inch on all sides
- The pages of your manuscript should be numbered consecutively, beginning
with the title page, as part of the manuscript header in the upper right
corner of each page
- Your references should begin on a separate page from the text of the
essay under the label, References (with no quotation marks, underlining,
etc.), centered at the top of the page. Appendices and notes should be
formatted similarly
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- Use a serif typeface of 12 points, such as 12-point Times Roman or
12-point Courier. (Serifs are the "tails" that you see at the
top and bottom of the letters that help readers to follow a line of
text.)
- Use the first two or three words of your title as a page heading on
every page, including the title page and reference pages. Place it five
spaces to the left of the page number, using the header function of your
word-processing software to place it automatically on every page
- Place quotations of 40 or more words in block form: Indent the entire
quotation five to seven spaces, or 1/2 in. (the same distance you indent
the first line of a paragraph). Example
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- title page, which includes a running head for publication, title, and
byline and affiliation. APA does not provide guidelines for preparing
the title page of a college paper, but instructors may want you to
include one
- abstract
- text
- references
- appendixes
- author note
- footnotes/endnotes
- tables
- figure captions
- figures
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- University of Wisconsin http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html
- UMC Library http://www.umcrookston.edu/library/links/apa5th.htm
- APA Page www.apastyle.org
- Purdue University http://owl.english.purdue.edu/
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- Be careful – there is a lot of bad and old information out there and
remember that your instructors instructions supersede any and all other
rules
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Notes
